Kev piav qhia ntxaws ntawm Cov Pabcuam Tub Ceev Xwm thiab cov khaub ncaws hnav hauv Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II

Cov Tub Ceev Xwm Pab Tub Ceev Xwm (Schutzmannschaft), tseem hu ua Security Detachment, yog ib lub koom haum pab tub ceev xwm hauv zos tsim los ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees hauv thaj chaw nyob ntawm Soviet Union thiab Baltic xeev thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler tau tsim tsa Pawg Tub Ceev Xwm Pab Tub Ceev Xwm thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, 1941, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm Order Police (Ordnungspolizei).

Ukrainian 115th Battalion ntawm Pab Tub Ceev Xwm qhia nws tus chij.

Cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam hauv thaj chaw uas nyob tau raug hloov kho rau hauv pab tub ceev xwm battalions (Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen), nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv cov cheeb tsam no, tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv -Nazi tiv thaiv. Ntau ntawm cov tub ceev xwm pab tub rog no tau koom nrog kev tua neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais, ua rau ntau txhiab tus neeg tuag. Cov pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog no feem ntau yog cov pab dawb thiab tsis koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Muaj kwv yees li ntawm 21 Estonian battalions, 47 Latvian battalions, 26 Lithuanian battalions, 11 Belarusian battalions, 8 Tatar battalions, thiab 71 Ukrainian battalions. Tus qauv lub zog ntawm txhua lub battalion yog 500 tus neeg ua haujlwm, tab sis cov lej tseeb txawv heev.

Tsim
Thaum pib, Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis tau npaj siab yuav siv ntau ntawm cov neeg koom tes hauv zos, vim cov neeg hauv zos no tau suav tias yog cov neeg tsis ntseeg siab (Untermensch). Txawm li cas los xij, kev nce qib sai ntawm cov tub rog German nyob rau sab hnub tuaj sab hnub tuaj thiab qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua rau Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees rov xav txog. Yog li ntawd, thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, 1941, Himmler tau tsim tsa tub ceev xwm pabcuam hauv thaj chaw uas nyob. Thaum xub thawj, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam raug hu ua Hilfspolizei, tab sis Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tsis xav kom lawv tuav lub npe ntawm "tub ceev xwm," yog li lawv tau hloov npe hu ua Schutzmannschaft, uas txhais ncaj qha rau "kev ruaj ntseg detachment." Vim muaj kev saib xyuas tsawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog, cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm tau siv lub hwj chim loj, thiab muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntau zaus ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag thiab kev tsim txom ntawm txoj cai.

Cov neeg German tau nrhiav ntau tus neeg nyob hauv zos hauv thaj chaw uas tau ua haujlwm los ua haujlwm hauv pab tub ceev xwm. Ntau tus ntawm cov neeg no yav dhau los ua haujlwm ua tub ceev xwm lossis tub rog, thiab lawv vam tias yuav muaj kev ruaj ntseg ua haujlwm los txhawb lawv tsev neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev koom tes nrog cov neeg German tau muaj qee qhov kev zam, xws li los ntawm kev quab yuam ua haujlwm. Lwm pab pawg tau koom nrog kev txhawb siab lub tswv yim-lawv tau tawm tsam-Semitic, tawm tsam-communist, thiab tuav txoj kev ntseeg muaj zog hauv tebchaws, nrhiav sijhawm los tua cov neeg Yudais thiab nyiag lawv cov khoom.

Ntau tus neeg raug kaw hauv tebchaws Soviet kuj tau thov los koom nrog cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam raws li kev khiav tawm hauv kev kaw hauv tsev loj cuj. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv Soviet yog cov hluas, nrog ib nrab hnub nyoog qis dua 25 xyoos. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg German yws yws txog lawv qhov tsis muaj kev cob qhia thiab kev qhuab qhia, thiab qee zaum txawm tsis kam muab riam phom rau lawv. Xyoo 1942, txhawm rau ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim kom nthuav dav kev nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet neeg raug kaw, cov neeg German tau pib yuam lawv mus rau npe thiab tshem tawm cov kev txwv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm kev pabcuam, uas tau pib txij li rau lub hlis mus rau ib xyoos rau cov neeg thov kev yeem. Piv nrog rau cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb thaum ntxov, cov neeg raug yuam kom sau npe tau pom qhov txawv txav ntawm tus cwj pwm. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam no, Himmler tau hais kom lub koom haum tsis yog -cov tub ceev xwm kev cob qhia, uas suav nrog kev kawm nom tswv thiab kev xav, kav ntev txog yim lub lis piam.

Lub koom haum
Cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tau muab faib ua plaub hom:
● Pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog (Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen): Lub luag haujlwm pabcuam rau cov neeg German hauv kev tawm tsam - cov neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm.
● Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg (Schutzmannschaft-Einzeldienst): Ua haujlwm raws li tub ceev xwm li niaj zaus, lub luag haujlwm tswj hwm kev tswj hwm hauv zos.
● Cov Tub Ceev Xwm Pab Tub Ceev Xwm (Hilfsschutzmannschaft): Cov tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb, ua haujlwm nrog saib xyuas cov neeg raug kaw ua tsov ua rog thiab lwm yam dej num.
● Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Hluav Taws Xob (Feuerschutzmannschaft): Lub luag haujlwm rau kev tua hluav taws hauv zos.

Pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog
Cov pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tsim nyob rau hauv pab tub ceev xwm, ua haujlwm pab cov neeg German hauv kev tawm tsam - cov koom haum ua haujlwm. Cov battalions no tau muab faib ua tsib hom raws li lawv txoj haujlwm:
● Pab tub ceev xwm sib ntaus sib tua (Schutzmannschaft-Front-Bataillonen)
● Pab tub ceev xwm saib xyuas tub rog (Schutzmannschaft-Wach-Bataillonen)
● Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Hloov Tub Ceev Xwm (Schutzmannschaft-Ersatz-Bataillonen)
● Pab tub ceev xwm Engineer Batalions (Schutzmannschaft-Pionier-Bataillonen)
● Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Ua Haujlwm Pab Pawg (Schutzmannschaft-Bau-Bataillonen)

Txhua pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog muaj plaub lub tuam txhab, nrog rau 124 tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv ib lub tuam txhab. Ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab no yog lub tuam txhab phom tshuab, thaum lwm qhov peb yog cov tuam txhab infantry. Lithuanian, Latvian, thiab Estonian battalions raug txib los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos, thaum Ukrainian thiab Belarusian battalions tau coj los ntawm German commanders.

Cov pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog no tsis hnav lub npe tub rog German, raws li Hitler's Führer Cov Lus Qhia Tsis Tau . 46 txwv tsis pub lawv siv cov npe qib siab ntawm Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaum ntxov, cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm tsis muaj cov khaub ncaws ua qauv thiab feem ntau hnav ua ntej- tub ceev xwm lossis tub rog hnav khaub ncaws los ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Lawv tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm ib lub tsho dawb uas muaj cov ntawv sau xws li "Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Nyab Xeeb," tus lej pabcuam, thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tau tsim nyog tau txais Nazi cov khoom plig thiab khoom plig, suav nrog Iron Cross thiab War Merit Cross. Lawv feem ntau tau nruab nrog rab phom Soviet ntes, thaum qee tus tub ceev xwm nqa rab phom. Cov phom tshuab tau siv los tiv thaiv - cov neeg koom nrog kev ua haujlwm, thiab mortars tsuas yog qhia nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj mus los tau muab rau cov tub rog German pem hauv ntej, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo, qee zaum txawm tias tsis muaj cov khoom noj yooj yim.

Numbering System
Cov pab tub ceev xwm pab tub rog tau teeb tsa raws li haiv neeg, suav nrog Ukrainians, Belarusians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Latvians, thiab Tatars. Cov Germans tau sim tsim cov tub rog Polish hauv thaj chaw uas nyob hauv Polish tab sis ua tsis tau raws li cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau yuam cov neeg hauv zos los tsim 202nd Polish Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Pab Tub Rog. Cov naj npawb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm tau muab raws li hauv qab no (nrog rau 1942 reorganization tooj nyob rau hauv lub voj voog; nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua tus lej raug siv tiag tiag):

Reichskommissariat Ostland (Eastern Territories):npog thaj chaw nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Soviet Union, suav nrog lub xeev Baltic thiab Belarus.
● Lithuanian Auxiliary Police: Cov tub rog 1–15 (Battalions 1–15, 250–265, 301–310)
● Latvian Auxiliary Police: Cov tub rog 16–28 (Battalions 16–28, 266–285, 311–328)
● Estonian Auxiliary Tub Ceev Xwm: Cov Tub Rog 29–40 (Battalions 29–45, 50, 286–293)
● Belarusian Auxiliary Tub Ceev Xwm: Cov tub rog 41–50 (Battalions 46–49)

Reichskommissariat Moskowien (Moscow):Cov tub rog 51-100

Reichskommissariat Ukraine (Ukraine):
● Ukrainian Auxiliary Tub Ceev Xwm (xws li Tatars): Cov tub rog 101–200

Lub luag haujlwm
Cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tsis tau nyob mus ib txhis hauv lawv thaj tsam thiab tuaj yeem raug xa tawm sab nraud lawv lub tebchaws. Vim qhov kev nce qib tshwj xeeb qeeb hauv kev tsim cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm hauv Belarus, ntau chav nyob los ntawm lwm haiv neeg tau pib nyob rau ntawd. Raws li qhov xav tau, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tau txuas nrog SS Einsatzgruppen (Cov Pab Pawg Tshwj Xeeb Ua Haujlwm) txhawm rau txhawm rau ntes thiab tua cov neeg Yudais. Raws li kev txheeb cais, Lithuanian cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm ib leeg yog lub luag haujlwm tua kwv yees li 78,000 cov neeg Yudais hauv Lithuania thiab Belarus.

Einsatzgruppen
Lub npe tag nrho ntawmEinsatzgruppenyogEinsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei thiab des Sicherheitsdienstes(Cov Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Kev Pabcuam Kev Ruaj Ntseg).

Keeb kwm,Einsatzgruppenyog tshwj xeeb ua hauj lwm rog (Einsatzkommando) tsim los ntawmReinhard Heydrichlos tiv thaiv tsoomfwv cov tsev thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg hauv Austria tom qab Anschluss (annexation). Cov units tau subordinate rau lubSicherheitspolizei(Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Nyab Xeeb). Lub kaum hli ntuj 1938, obEinsatzgruppentau deployed rau lubSudetenland. Vim muaj kev txwv rau kev ua tub rog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus Munich, lubEinsatzgruppentau ua hauj lwm nrog txeeb tsoom fwv thiab tub ceev xwm archives. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tau tiv thaiv tsoomfwv cov tsev, tshuaj xyuas cov tub ceev xwm, thiab raug ntes mus txog10,000 Czech communists thiab Germans.

Txij lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1939 mus txog, lubSS-Reichssicherheithauptamt(Reich Main Security Office) tau ua tiav cov lus txib ntawmEinsatzgruppen.

Nyob rau hauv kev npaj rau Hitler qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Poland, Heydrich reorganized lubEinsatzgruppenmus nrog Wehrmacht. Lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm tau kos los ntawm covSS, Sicherheitsdienst(Security Service), thiab tub ceev xwm. Heydrich tau xaivSS-Gruppenführer Werner Bestraws li tag nrho commander. Cov thawj coj tau xaiv zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev ua tub rog, ntau tus uas tau ua haujlwm hauv cov koom haum pab tub rog xws liFreikorps.

CovEinsatzgruppensuav nrog2,700 tus neeg ua haujlwm. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom tshem tawm cov pej xeem Polish thiab tshem tawm cov pab pawg uas muaj zog hauv tebchaws Polish, xws li cov neeg txawj ntse, txiv plig, cov xib fwb, thiab cov nom tswv. Ua raws li Hitler cov lus txib, lawv kuj tsom mus rau Polish cov thawj coj. Thaum ntxov li lub Tsib Hlis 1939, SS tau sau ib qhoSonderfahndungsbuch Polen(Tshwj xeeb Prosecution Book Poland), teev cov tib neeg uas cim rau kev tua. Nrog kev pab ntawm lubVolksdeutscher Selbstschutz(Ib haiv neeg German Self-Defense), lubEinsatzgruppenntes tau cov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev npe. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1939, kwv yees li65,000 pej xeemtau raug tua, suav nrog tsis yog cov thawj coj hauv Polish nkaus xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj coob tus neeg Yudais, niam ntiav, Roma, thiab cov neeg mob hlwb. Thaum ntawd, muajxya battalion -sized Einsatzgruppennyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, nrog lawv cov subordinate units koom nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab theem.

Tom qab invasion ntawm lub Soviet Union, lubEinsatzgruppennce nrog Wehrmacht mus rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog. Ua ke nrogOrdnungspolizei(Qhia Tub Ceev Xwm) battalions, lawv tau ua ntau raug ntes thiab tua ntawm Soviet communist thiab cov neeg Yudais tom qab cov kab hauv ntej.

Thaum cov German nkag mus rau hauv Soviet Union tau nres, cov neeg German tau txiav txim siab siv cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ncaj qha, tab sis Hitler tsis lees txais cov lus pom zoo no. Lub yim hli ntuj 1942,Führer Cov Lus Qhia Tsis Tau . 46tso cai nthuav dav thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tab sis txwv tsis pub lawv siv los tiv thaiv - kev ua haujlwm ntawm pawg neeg thiab cov haujlwm pabcuam tom qab cov kab hauv ntej. Qee lub koom haum pab tub ceev xwm txuas ntxiv mus koom nrog Holocaust, thaum kwv yees li12,000 tus tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwmtau raug xaiv los saib xyuas cov neeg raug kaw hauv tebchaws Soviet, cov pej xeem, thiab cov neeg Yudais raug yuam ua haujlwm.

Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad, cov Germans rov ntsuam xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm pab tub ceev xwm hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm los ntawm Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine, thiab lwm thaj chaw tau hloov kho rau hauv cov chaw txawv teb chaws ntawmWaffen-SS.

Uniforms thiab Ranks
Hnav khaub ncaws
Cov khaub ncaws ntawm pab tub ceev xwm tsis sib haum. Raws li lawv tau tsim los ntawm SS, lawv cov khaub ncaws tau muab los ntawm SS es tsis yog ua raws li cov qauv qauv ntawm Wehrmacht. Cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb theem:1941, 1942, thiab 1943.

Xyoo 1941, raws li SS yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa khoom ntawm Waffen-SS, lawv tsis muaj peev xwm muab cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam nrog cov qauv kev hnav khaub ncaws loj. Thaum lub sijhawm no, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam feem ntau hnav ua ntej- tub ceev xwm lossis tub rog hnav khaub ncaws los ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Lawv tsuas yog txawv los ntawm ib lub tsho dawb lossis ntsuab hnav ntawm sab laug caj npab, uas tau sau cov ntawv sau "Im Dienst der Sicherheitspolizei" (Hauv Kev Pabcuam Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Ruaj Ntseg).

Xyoo 1942, SS tau faib cov ris tsho dub tshaj rau cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam. Txawm li cas los xij, kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv, cov dab tshos, cuffs, thiab lub hnab tsho hauv qab tau dyed ntsuab, xiav, lossis grey. Cov cim npe yooj yim thiab haiv neeg armbands tau hnav ntawm lub tes tsho sab saud, thiab qee zaum armbands kuj hnav.

0 - Tsis muaj insignia: Private (Schutzmann)
1 - Private First Class (Unterkorporal)
2 - Senior Private (Vizekorporal)
3 - Tub Rog (Korporal)
4 - Sergeant (Vizefeldwebel)
5 - Tuam Txhab Tub Ceev Xwm (Kompaniefeldwebel)

Cov khaub ncaws ntawm ib tug tub rog nyob rau hauv ib tug pab tub ceev xwm Ukrainian battalion.

Estonia

Xyoo 1943, SS tau tsim nws tus kheej cov chaw tsim khoom hauv cov chaw pw hav zoov thiab lwm qhov chaw, ua kom muaj qhov loj - cov khoom siv ntawm cov khaub ncaws grey. Vim li ntawd, cov tub ceev xwm pab tub ceev xwm kuj tau pib hloov mus rau cov khaub ncaws grey thiab lub kaus mom teb. Cov khaub ncaws tshiab grey tau nruab nrog lub xub pwg nyom tshiab, dab tshos insignia, thiab ceg xim.

Cov duab keeb kwm

Qib
Battalion Commander (Batallionsführer)

Tuam Thawj Coj (Kompanieführer)

Senior Platoon Tus Thawj Coj (Oberzugführer)

Platoon Leader (Zugführer)

Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm (Hauptfeldwebel)

 Cov neeg ua haujlwm Sergeant (Vizefeldwebel)

Tub ceev xwm (Feldwebel)

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Hluav Taws Xob
Corporal (zeeg)

Senior Private (Vizekorporal)

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Ruaj Ntseg
Private First Class (Unterkorporal)

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Hluav Taws Xob
Private (Schutzmann)

Cap Insignia thiab Armbands
Lub armband feature ib ncig laurel wreath nrog ib tug swastika thiab ntawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Cov ntawv nyeem "TREU" (Loyalty), "TAPFER" (Courage), thiab "GEHORSAM" (Obedience). Lub kaus mom insignia tho qhov qauv zoo ib yam li armband tab sis tsis muaj cov ntawv nyeem.

Qee lub sij hawm, lub kaus mom insignia tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas haiv neeg, nrog cov xim sib txawv siv rau ntau lub teb chaws. Yog tsis hnav lub kaus mom insignia, kev txheeb xyuas haiv neeg tau ua tiav los ntawm armbands.

Ceg Xim
Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Pab Tub Rog: Lub xub pwg boards yog dub nrog dawb swastikas thiab ntsuab kav (cov tub ceev xwm muaj cov kav dej dawb). Lub armband yog dub nrog dawb.

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg: Lub xub pwg boards yog ntsuab nrog ntsuab swastikas thiab ntsuab kav. Lub caj npab yog ntsuab nrog ntsuab.

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Tub Ceev Xwm Tub Ceev Xwm: Lub xub pwg boards yog qhov grey nrog grey swastikas thiab cov kav dej grey. Lub armband yog grey nrog txiv kab ntxwv

Pab Tub Ceev Xwm Kev Pabcuam Hluav Taws Xob: Lub xub pwg boards yog qhov grey nrog carmine -liab swastikas thiab carmine - liab kav. Lub caj npab yog grey nrog carmine -liab.

Xaus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem.